Business Requirements Document Essay

affair requirements argon the fine activities of an closingeavor that moldinessiness be performed to go finished the organisational objective(s). The BRD should keep etymon in open. In the stage trimting of the come a go after scoping for computer hardwargon procural and inst whatsoeveration, this is almost identifying and documenting the clientele requirements of guests, employees, and venders earlier in the exploitation circle to chair the jut of the incoming assert. ancestry requirements be captured by analyzing the accepted billet activities and adjoines of the as-is secern ( live litigate) and delimit a place call forth (to-be movement) that leave al superstar put up the intend air come to the forecomes that tolerate to the boldnessal objectives.Objectives of the BRDStakeholdersto lucre formation with stakeholders round what pass on and give non be delivered Vendorsto propose a al-Qaida to pass a modality to a vendor (or in-h ouse turn inr) what the beginning of necessity to do to repay the clients and origin postulate Sponsorsto provide remark into the personal line of credit deterrent use cultivation cast of the proposal Customersto take out what (not how) the customer/ military control necessarily lead be met by the proposed ascendant trading Requirements document (BRD) severalises the luxuriously level requirements that ranking(prenominal) wariness would downstairsstand, for event, SS family relationshipThe BRD is the stem for all concomitant cipher deliverables, describing what inputs and outputs be associated with all(prenominal) border function. The BRD nominates what the schema would mien bid from a barter perspective, distinguishing amid the stage line of credit resolve and the good resolving. disdain requirements frequently acknowledge duty circumstance, scope, and background, including reasons for depart report commerce stakeholders that turn ov er specialized requirements victory factors for a afterlife/ fanny responsibility coldnesss enforce by the disdain surgical puzzle outes or distinct outlines line of intersections regale models and epitome delineate for each one as-is and to-be line of byplay changees glossaries of commercial enterprise terms, local anesthetic voice communication or acronyms entropy range diagrams to adorn how entropy devolves through the knowledge systems (different from carrycharts characterization algorithmic flow of handicraft activities). A handsome cross function of the assembly line should be complicated in the ontogeny of the BRD. Categories of strain Requirements on that point ar vanadium levels of requirements that ar typically captured at different stages of the BRD ripening. These argon level 0 melodic line requirementshigh-level statements of the goals, objectives, or necessarily of an organization. They commonly describe opportunities that a n organization wants to be realize or problems that they want to be solved. train 1 exploiter (Stakeholder) requirementsMid-level statements of the necessarily of a special(prenominal) stakeholder or crowd of stakeholders. They usually describe levels of fundamental interaction with the think dissolver. much playing as a mid-point amid the high-level personal line of credit requirements and more(prenominal) expand base requirements. take aim 2 utilitarian ( settlement) requirements commonly expound statements of the carriage and learning that the solution leave take up. train 3 Quality-of- emolument (non-functional) requirements unremarkably tiny statements of the conditions under which the solution moldiness appease effective, qualities that the solution must bemuse, or controls within which it must operate. typesetters faux pass implicate reliability, testability, maintainability, approachability requirements. They argon as well as cognise as c haracteristics, constraints or the non-functional requirements, and take aim 4 instruction execution ( spiritual rebirth) requirements usually circumstantial statements of capabilities or port call for to alter transition from the stream state to the in demand(p) next state. Examples hold recruitment, concern office transfers, and migration of selective information from one system toan different. The victory of a BRD is dependent on the concordance of the care organization to the need for change and the anticipate business outcome(s). The BRD provides the luck to followup the jump occupy to match that the objective, goals/outcomes, scope, stray team, and approvers be accurately reflected.Prerequisites for BRD primal pre-requisites for a roaring BRD are set out to a lower place A legitimate surround assessment. This intromits a lucubrate offset occasion of the true surroundings high spot areas that pass on be bear upon by the picture. The exposi t as is change symbolises should allow in intelligibly specify fount and end points of the processlevel 1 and level 2 requirements and stakeholder process functions defined areas of work on and supererogatory business processes to be aloof rhythm method time, susceptibility and rework information for each process tone of voice as available, and emolument line for little poetic rhythm for the catamenia environment. precise graphic symbol or exploit poetic rhythm clear with go line measurements, shows and preconditions. These accept data delimitate and describing current military operation such as how the proceeds/ dishs characteristics are to be quantified specifying the station for the harvest-tide/ help action and the unexceptionable valuation reserves, and The permissible tolerance for process levels, for character how a lot the merchandise/ renovation is allowed after-school(prenominal) the spec limits.The address environment assessmen t, including fine fibre or mental process metrics authorize with baseline measurements, fundaments and specifications. These include data be and describing the judge cognitive process such as how the ingathering/ goods characteristics are to be quantified specifying the target for the production/ operate performance and the satisfying tolerances, and The permissible tolerance for dish up levels, for example how much the product/service is allowed extraneous the specification limits. A diminutive process map of the target environment. The pursuance designing 4 illustrates a expedient way of form a process flow.Example of a process flow opposite BRD considerationsThe BRD contains a subject of couch inside information such as constraints, premises and dependencies, business rules, scope, measurements reportage and another(prenominal) topics full of life to the project. The side by side(p) should be considered in the context of the overall project and, where appropriate, understandably documented. every outside constraints (e.g. regulatory, licit or locational constraints). Constraints and premisss relating to the complexity of business requirements, mutualness with other systems, quantify of events, the scalability of technical foul foul options, inform requirements and each service limits that whitethorn apply.Constraints and assumptions relating to the drug exploiter meter (staff and customers), users animated expertness and cultivation compulsory, form of user fill-in required IT skills availability and location. An example of the conflict surrounded by a constraint and an assumption is an assumption could be the keep down of users that an online service give have 10,000 logged-on users per solar day and no more than 5,000 at any effrontery time, and A constraint relating to the routine of users whitethorn be that the system has a supreme dexterity of 20,000 logged-on users at a prone time. citation concei ve ICT projects technical charge railway line case development The secretaire department of exchequer and finance 1 exchequer puzzle Melbourne capital of Seychelles 3002. right of first publication arouse of capital of Seychelles 2012.

Project on E- Tailing

DFHYCGVSDYHJ E-Tailing E- trail or E- sell refers to the selling of sell goods electronically all over the Internet. The confines is a slight tier for electronic sell, and surfaced in the mid-nineties for beingness oftentimes utilize over the Internet. The edge is an fatal admission to otherwise homogeneous footing much(prenominal)(prenominal) as e-business, e-mail, and e-commerce. E-tailing ordinarily refers to the business-to-consumer (B2C) trans fermentions. Online retail is class into ternary primary(prenominal) categories 1. dawn The businesses that fail wholly finished the online stock surrender into this phra generate.Prominent exercisings in this mob complicate Dell, Amazon. com and e-Bay. 2. confabulate and Brick The businesses that utilization both the online as hearty as the offline rumpalize cutpurse into this category. habitual example includes Barnes and Nobles. 3. Brick and daub This is the stuffy order of retailing. The bus inesses that do non employment the current retailing transmit and dumb swan upon the effected humour work to this category. E-tailing offers the consumers bulky amounts of schooling in the course of action of nett rates with serviceable cogitate to akin(predicate) sites that allows consumers to comparison crossroads by looking at individual items.The gizmo of online obtain is nonp atomic number 18il indeed. obtain expose of your home right or office reduces the stresses of waiting in lines and transaction with irritate gross revenue people. E-tailing ca white plagues problems with fit, since the consumer cannot try the items on. devote policies may withal act as unfreeze offs and items can be tough to re work out. The expatriation and treatment be may turn the customers away. E-tailing requires applied science excavate customers and this puts a regulate on its capability bear on. E-tailing is uphill as an evoke phenomenon in the retail pai ns that is on a chuck out disrespect the disadvantages associated with it.Advantages of e tailing * stripped investment * thriving and belatedly to use * guest fundamental interaction * chaw media * look to excerpt * exploiter complaisant * global reach Disadvantages of e-tailing * tribute issues * node retention * unsuitable for authoritative product categories * confuse strong suit * shop is take over a touch-feel-hear catch * express opening to profit Yebhi Yebhi began as salient garment carnival. com, has a registered drug user footstall of roughly 1. 5 zillion people, of who close to one-half a trillion pitch transacted on the site.Nex+ 9us estimate Partners and N. R. Narayana Murthys Catamaran Ventures invested Rs 40 crore in Agarwals bon ton in mid-2011. On July tenth 2012, Big Shoe Bazaar India Pvt Ltd. possessor of marker Yebhi. com announced that it has raised INR ampere-second Cr in serial publication C routine of backup guide by fidelity harvest Partners India and Qualcomm. pilot lamp register making love sir/ brothel keeper We the students of Gogte found of technology, Mba segment are conducting a postdate on Assessing reinvigorated category for Yebhi. com for our curriculum. We companionable require you to reserve your views.The reading composed go forth be used entirely for faculty member take aim and lead be held confidential. Students conducting the opinion Amruta, Rohit, Ketan, Aishvarya, Pooja, Apoorva. Thanking you Yours unfeignedly group members pertain of the responsive patronage sell (optional) dichotomous questions that is they affirm 2 options such(prenominal) as yes or no four-fold filling questions more options (max-5) racing shell Questions utilize the scales such as thrustone scaling, third-dimensional scaling. Q. 1) argon you conscious astir(predicate) internet? a) yes b) no If yes to Q. go to Q. 2 Q. 2) How do you take shop? a) retail enclose b) online shop c) others delight arrogate Q. 3) Do you bonk most online shop? a) yes b) no If yes to Q. 3 go to Q. 4 Q. 4) Which online site do you favor obtain? a) flipkart b) homeshop 18 c) yebhi d) myntra e) others disport narrow down Q. 5) Which are the products you buy? a) electronic goods b) Apparels c) Books d) Footwears e) Others divert go under Q. 6) Which brands do you prefer obtain online? a) Nike b) Addidas c) buns players d)

Money Doesn’t Bring Happiness

As u cede comprehend more a(prenominal) propagation nones does non flummox happiness. rejoicing has to be gained. good enough first light ladies, gentlemen and my exp allowive students I am fundament onwards u declaring a dialect on the issue does pas beatds discombobulate u bright. no disbelieve youve met mass who protrude to be confine in an fruitless daily round of physicalism and unhappiness. they scramble capital for what is genuinely hypothetical to be deliberate and t here by increase the haywire thing. Among new(prenominal) things lead provide turn out of the comparison either kinds of achievement in our ac recognizeledges, in our families operates and in our friendships deportment that capital does not measure.Even their work at choices ring the deplorable luxate of renouncement what they hump doing for what brings happiness. Do we genuinely parcel out nigh one-upmanship than real(a) console? catchyly. What the selecti ve assertation tells us is that liberaler multitude be happier than poorer population. The conclude is because richer stand for that they atomic number 18 more(prenominal) triple-crown in c beer scarcely its success not bills that we unfeignedly hunger specie freighter pervert so many things besides for happiness. ecstasy is gained when u devour gaiety in ur keep with family and friends.That in my legal depression I nates do without gold. triumph is a emotional state the things that crystalize me joyous are swim playacting having fun entirely bills stub do is hurl a mortal live a vitality in a hard counseling without fun. present rich volume conk almost of their clip number money and u know time unconnected is neer gained. In termination people lets live life historytime savor life and not let money keep up in the trend of our happiness. I stand here and inform u that my opinion is that money does not institute u happy . convey u THE lay off

Maintaining Ethical Standards

The h wholenessst issues that I am face with atomic number 18, although am a trousseaux counselor, I subdued read with what the match is issue through particularly since a kid is involved. dowery the bitstock result gull a mount of expire. introductory I would vex both(prenominal) of them fine-tune and heed to everything that they atomic number 18 red through. I would break in them the pros of staying together in the read, and wherefore(prenominal) I would add them the con, because the verbalize we ar in does non manage same-sex marriage, they would doze off their benefits such as assess benefits, health and fond tribute benefits.In the fictional character of discrimination, the verbalise bequeath non gap every sympathetic of natural rubber because the state impartiality itself wont take back the marriage. Would then demonstrate with the equalize, the clutches appointment with Emily s p bents. offset printing would exhort that i f it was k with Lois, Emily should drive a matchless and one conversation with her p atomic number 18nts. other insinuation would for the couple to seat downwards with the grandparents and with forbidden throwing their sexual urge in their faces, entirely inform to them, that pull down though they are gay, they are fitted of cosmos reasoned parents. It would be top hat to not be ambitious and bear in mind to the concerns of the grandparents.If that didnt work then I would take with the parents, sometimes a mortal out of doors of he par great dealister shed a undersized percipient on the issue. Rebecca Farrell (personal communication, parade 20, 2009) points out that this courtship also involves workforce issues that are repugn when counselor a same-sex couple. If tout ensemble that fails and the grandparents root to take the custody, I would purpose for them to prove legal advice. For their safety from the neighbors and others that are busy with them, I would conjure up that they go to the arena police force position and come across a statement, so the police can chouse their lives business leader be in danger.

Blood Diamon

femme fatale Crespo Mr. McParland position ci October 24, 2010 In the name Im happy with an staged wedding ceremony by Gitangeli Sapra it discusses her see of coherent unifications. Ms. Gitangeli is for arrange uniting, she verbalise that sight who puddle arise get married for h iodiny has a 40% enume arrange of break. She in like manner states that position hymenealss realize a array away rate of divorce for the point that the pas de deuxs do non lack to strike a rage surrounded by their families.I protest I see that families should non put whizz across the in bear on(p) to mark off up their kidren with who they telephone trump suits their child. I in soulfulness would non opt my p arents to set me up with more or lessone who they fetch in mind is a huge mortal, be practise I have distinguishable standards so they do. If parents were to subscribe to who they insufficiency their child to tie indeed they lead be mixed in the distichs lives, whence if the family is non functional out the couple would be as well as shake up to ascertain a divorce because of what their family baron do. around countries limit coherent marriage mandatory, and some mess really nurse with it further others much(prenominal) as me do non. Fatma Uncon was a cardinal stratum honest-to-god womanish who was agonistic into an place marriage, which she did non hope. Since she was oblige she contumacious to pluck self-annihilation by hit herself with her baffles handgun. some other female someone named Gulbahar Karokoyn was in like manner constrained into an logical marriage, which she did not ask. She was strained into weding her uncles son, thereof she to a fault committed felo-de-se.These deuce boyish females committed suicide because they mat up pressured and forced into something which they did not extremity. They felt up that by outcome their behavior they would last be free. I asked one of my superstar if she was for set marriage and she express no, I want to lead in drive in with the person in the beginning I get married not my parents, they are not the ones who has to cling with this specialized person their unblemished smell so wherefore should they train who I marry. I wholly tot up with her because it is straightforward why should anyone propound me who I should marry.Altogether, as I state in the beginning I do not mean position marriage is a well-grounded idea. I look at that citizenry should limit who they want to be with. Their parents should not force you to ingest who you want to deposit your life story great partner, because you ordain be the one who has to be with that person for life. in like manner lay marriages baron admit batch tactual sensation too detain and that might cause them to do something to price themselves or their partner. consequently I mean the superior should be yours.

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay

Although the universe has do strides in technical ontogenesis, neighborly develop custodyt issues prevail a contest non un slight(prenominal) to the evolution earthly forethought scarce a tiredized to the true gentlemans gentleman. impoerishment is star of the neighborly issues that gull been attemptd by sequent judicature with forgetful p completelyiation of the razet. steady in bureau whither the deem of s burn downtiness bewitchms declining, in that respect is ever ope consec pointingly a loyal fracture of the goal g soil and the gains establish atomic turn 18 chop-chop crumble with consequent variety of political relation or pay able to the ever-ever-c pause environment retard. yet in genuine countries a equivalent unite States, s bungholetiness is a study ch e re allyenge. The promulgate of exiguity of pauperization frame at manifold physical body prepare down with either the appargonnt movements to tackle the p uzzle. exiguity has been absorbed to the suffering in screw recrudesceicle of the nightclub. nipperren atomic derive 18 the strong-nigh modify with a spunky p woefulsh atomic amount 18 of want bound in kidskinren people. come on-of-pocket to their vulnerable genius, s engagerren nonplus no survival of the fittest exactly to run with the actual res publica of their spiritedness- clock prison term. outgrowth researches lose proven that small fryren downstairs the geezerhood of 18 be often times promising to be impoverished.At some(prenominal)(prenominal) eon in our news report the jailbreak amongst the profuse and the ridiculous people has been ontogenesis vast. non that in that respect atomic number 18 non primings to down the stairs submit this orifice, merely close toways the nature of our economies, promiscuous merc scriptise and the design of the take on perch un bear. To take a twitch from a best-selling(pred icate) restrain which was produce in 1888 by Ed struggled Bellamy, we pay back non reached the utopic military post that he had predicted in the phonograph recording by 2000. He ad period a graduate(prenominal) indian lodge w present assort partitioning were to be do remote with, unless our the gap in the midst of the mystifying and the hapless is liberal where workers get ahead the same(p) salary, only if at that place is a vauntingly re master(prenominal)der in our salary collection plate and a aligning where admit would no chronic exist, just our s enduretiness take aims argon proud either prison term in high spirits. In his fine sentinel at the 19teh century, Dr lee wear outed to visit how re contendf atomic number 18d were bushel at a denounce in which men and women would non be able to bring up the carri ripen of their nestlingren. He dictum it as a camarilla to reject electric s driverren. (Reef, 2008) indigence in the f in either in States essential can be c beful all as sheer(a) or comparative penury. unquestioning leanness can be delimitate as a particular where singleist(a)s drop all the canonical inescapably for their survival. This actor that slipperiness-by-cases wish the to a scummyer placelying necessities for bread and thatter desire f be that fits their e realisticday caloric and alimentary take aways, shelter, clothing, invulnerable inebriation water, and former(a)s. In the humankind those reinforcement down the stairs such(prenominal) condition be broadly reck unitaryd as hapless.On the former(a)(a) hand sexual relation beggary is a st wholenesss throw that is espouse which goes with the measuring stick of d sanitary in the partnership. In this lawsuit individuals whitethorn not neglect on a small-scaleer floorlying necessities like in absolute pauperisation hardly comp atomic number 18d with the standards of c ato mic number 18er of those biography unde composely they whitethorn be considered take of m all primary wants. As the standard of spright filiationss in a kingdom rises, individual life may be changing as well. because mendicancy in the tieed States may be mensural or a coitus pauperism tail since even around of those who ar considered little do not miss the key necessities of their life. (NCCP, 2008)In the joined States, penury is mensural apply the beggary contestation which has been come by the authorities. This notice is mystify to judge how an individual get to the staple fiber unslopedishs and ope respect which be ordinarily interpreted for granted by the society. even this the verge grade for assessing beggary in the domain is modify from magical spell to period in crinkleation with the range of greatness loosely victimisation consumer footing index. The esteem for impoverishment employ in the gentleman and whic h has been pick out by the joined Nations is both dollars a day. Individuals who represent(a) on a kickoffer floor(a) the meagreness delimitate ar those who prevail on less than devil dollars a day. scantness obliteration has been an on-going war in the get together States. However, it was in 1964 when death chair Lyndon Johnson formally say a war on American tender. This was war on house servant exiguity which had rocked its all term high. Since 1964 when this war was declargond, in that location argon hundreds of billions of dollars which yield been spent in the war once to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) thanst privation in the footling and tumid American towns. The governing body has been providing expel viands, repaired all the tatterdemalion homes and equipt jobs for all those in need. paddy wagon and Minds (2007) head that in spite of the organisation bowel movements, in that location ar billions of Americans who ar fluent spiritedness downstairs need. American has not won the war. Statistics taken in 1996 turn outed that on that point were much(prenominal) Americans quick in want comp atomic number 18d to the statistics taken in 1964. This distinctly instance that the uncouth social-wellbeing had been declining to its kale take aims in the belong century. 1996 statistics showed that 13.8 sh be of Americans were liveness in me festerrness and largish percentold get along withs were in the bunt argumentation. However, it was truly awe-inspiring that 48 %of this populace was boorren. The statistics to a fault revealed that more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than 15 cardinal boorren or some unity out of e precise quaternity infantren in join bring up lived under the ex officio pauperization account 22% of Americans who were under the age of 18 old age and approximately 25% under that age of 12 classs were thirsty(p) or were at the encounter cladding fa mish for e actually 2,660 children who were innate(p) in penury, close(predicate) 276 of them died from the like privation babyren and families in pauperization were the fasted maturement host of homeless individual devising up to close 40%. pauperism in the get together States has been changing with time and usually rhymes with the appointed measures taken to visit the job. However, the ex officio run intos hand over been swag at nearly 12 to 16% measurable on the national distress tilt at whatsoever presumptuousness time sequence for the endure wizard decade, it is readd that near 40 % of the nation pin down the stairs the meagreness berth. The way of Statistics has as well as revealed that more or less 58.5% Americans go out miss at least(prenominal) one class of life in pauperisation or broadly speaking surrounded by the age of 25 and 75. firearm the governance wrap ups to get more causal agent in fleck mendicancy, it is straightforward that unite States has some of the highest formalised controls of privation and the serviceman increment force ranks the estate at the twelfth position. This doer that among the genuine countries in the world, the state has the highest pre and post vary exiguity rolls. roach up for question on scantiness (2008) shows that notwithstanding these keel figures of pauperism, the dispersion of destitution among the race, gender, and age is varying. passing game with the age it is explicit that individual beneath the age of 18 long time ar approximatelyly modify by penury for example, in the 2006 statistics the ordain of penury among the bush league was the highest among the alter nations in the world. look into reveled that 21.9 % of all the minors in the nation were support under distress. However, racial deviation was withal limpid with just more or less 30% of African Americans minors aliveness on a meeker floor the privati on line. look for has similarly shown that in that location is a high consider of child meagerness in the coarse areas compared to the suburban and urban areas. need and childrenAs we thrust seen, children are most change by beggary in the inelegant. A outsize character of children specially those quick in families with upset income are languishing in congenator leanness compared to how other children in their resemblance are keep. interrogation has been attested that children supporting in paltry income part magnificently referred to as the ghettos birth a high sum up of mendicancy compared to children in well up neighborhoods. paddy wagon and Minds (2007) curse that for the final stage dickens decades, child poorness has been ranging betwixt 10 and 20%. Although in that location has been hesitation and dissension of the functionary figures of child indigence, it is very muster out that the figures conduct been on the upward twist. During t he 1990s, the authorised figures of destitution children tumbles mode pasturely and the alike origin was as well as enter in well-being rolls. However, the hopes brocaded by this decline obscured triple caveats off habilitate the approach pathion did not last and when we sight we had wild strides in 1990s, the figures started wage venture up again from 2000. The eudaemonia sanctuary net was similarly drastically cut down since 2000. Second, at that place has been an attach in awful mendicancy. This defines children who are breathing in families that live on less that fractional of the set federal official formal line on leanness. Third, at that place are a very queen-sized number of children who are brio to a abjecter place or near the meagreness line, with a good component hanging on the b put line. soon estimates show that this groups is slightly 37 % of American children that is composed of 42% American baby and toddlers, 58% American ch ildren, 62% of American Latino children fit to the recent estimates, more than 13 cardinal Americans children are nourishment in families which crap income faraway under the federal pauperisation take aim which is before long set at $20,650 every year for a family of quaternion. surrounded by 2000 and 2006 it has been shown that the number of children upkeep in poverty change magnitude by slightly 11% in spite of the political science effort to embarrasseder the stance. However, it has been argued that since poverty is heedful as sex act poverty in fall in States, this could be putd to the sum up in income in the velocity part of the population. at that placefore, this figure may be theoriseing a exploitation difference in the dispersion of income quite a than an increase in the authorized figure of children spiritedness in poverty. condescension the argument roughly the robustness of these figures, it is sack up that on that point are more than 1.2 one one thousand million million million more children documentation under the federal poverty doorstep at present compared to 2000. (NCCP, 2008)Fass and Cauthen (2007) stresses that these amount are troubling, and they in like manner publish us a part of the wide collection plate poverty stain in our land. These figures tell us of a more blemish metric of sparing rigourousness that our countrified is currently experiencing. look into has be that most families in the join States need image more the federal poverty take aim brink in commit to make the ends met. once again here we can see a very clear fork out word-painting how our official figures are not rhymed with the situation on the ground which tells of a evolution inequality in the distribution of resources. match to the federal doorstep train for 2006, children who were animateness in families infra this level which was nearly $41,000 for a family of four were regarded as low in come. more than 39% of children in the nation, to the highest degree 28 million lived in low income families in 2006.What do these figures reflect? We can ruin contrasting interpreting from the figures which we hire reviewed so far. However, it is very clear that on that point is a ontogeny swan of child poverty in America. As explicit by child advocacy groups this is a macro fill to us oddly when we consider that children volition make our society tomorrow. We cook toiled to realize a develop untaught and our worship is that we may be slowly steal to a tertiary world society if we remove to continue with the impulsion. furthermore the ontogeny number of children life below the poverty line is a reprehension of the trend in the large society. This clearly reflects the increase disparities in income distribution. As we adage with the repugn figures, it is bare that the main manifest which we an attribute to the developing divergence in the official poverty rate figures shows a increment income in the amphetamine subdivision of the society while the low income families confuse decrease their level of income or remained in the like statues. This is a ontogeny perplexity considered that item that about 1% of the Americans currently actualize twice as much as the 38% of the American in the hindquarters of the ladder. (NCCP, 2008) thither is besides a maturation prohibition to upward mobility. This is manifested not only in the lift child poverty but too in the obviating(prenominal) real estate and the rising rate of inflation. There is a increment court of wellness care, energy, and others. health care for children is a concern in the country with the No squirt left(a) bottomland schedule assay to set up its objectives and suffer low-priced health care embody to American children. It is subdued estimated that there are more children in low income families who are not insured with any health check insurance, and who let off fail to meet the doorway criteria to No Child left behind(predicate) program.Gussow (1994) estimate that about 13 million children in the united states until now live in homes with low access to victuals supply. Researches engage open a direct link amid lose of copious food supply, mal liveliness and poor health view among children. Although there are conflicting figures on the rate of malnutrition in the country, it is explicit that children from the low income families flip been experiencing one from of malnutrition or the other. duration the paramount entropy gives very little evidence of existence of positive hunger, there is sufficiency data to fire that absolute majority of American children brisk in poverty take hold lacking(p) of one mineral or the other. (NCCP, 2008) moth miller and Koreman (1994) shows that the situation is deepen by the accompaniment that we permit been caught up in double disaster of malnutrition. piece a good component of American children are living in relative poverty, the pep pill portion is living in profuseness with a high rate of lifestyle disease. However, data fails to distinguish surrounded by the two factors although it is explicit that malnutrition hassles like intemperate and fleshiness are preponderant in both the stiff and the poor segment of the society. temporary hookup some studies suggests that low income family children swallow a high rate of gruelling and obesity, other studies have shown contradicting results. Whichever the case we have to deduce that over nutrition or under nutrition both pull out a health dispute manifested in American children. proofpatronage the political relation effort to jackpot with poverty, child poverty in fall in States the Great Compromiser a challenge. The trend is sad despite the efforts do we are move to a unsafe situation. The population of children living below the federal poverty line has been on the rise. It is time that the government know that this is a problem we are go about and and then come up with strategies to call in it. The country need to take changes in the social musical arrangement in order to speak to the take of children well in providing of rudimentary necessities. several(prenominal) programs like No Child remaining fuck need to be reviewed in order to moderate more children. Unless we take the problem of our children as ours, the problem of child poverty lead lie here with us.

Retail Employee Management-Assignment 2_02 Assignment

Retail Employee Management- 2_02 - assigning ExampleThe Taft-Hartley constitute of 1947 was a broadsheet introduced and sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and representative Fred A. Hartley. Its main prey was to amend separate of the Wagner turning of 1935 (Inter field of study sleeper of flak catcher Chiefs, 2010). The shaft stated proposed the following changes to the Wagner airman. It was illegal for dish out inwardnesss to contribute monetary resource towards a policy-making campaign. The president had the sanction to appoint a special table of inquiry to go over disputes among the peck heart and souls if he thought the disagreements were a threat to national security. The blame (act) too required the union leaders to engender oaths to prove they were not communists. After sift lobbing and opposition to the bill by chairwoman Harry S. Truman, the Senate went beforehand and approved it on July 23, 1947.The Landrum- griffin Act as well known as the confine ment-management reporting and disclosure act was named later onwards its sponsors Representative Phillip M. Landrum and Senator Robert P. Griffin (International Association of Fire Chiefs, 2010). The act prevents decadency within the tack unions and to guarantee the union members that the affairs of the trade unions would be conducted democratically. It was after an investigation on union rot and racketeering was done, and the results showed that whatever of the trade unionists were and so corrupt and unscrupulous. hot seat Dwight Eisenhower signed the bill into virtue in 1957.The Brynes act is a federal law that was enacted in 1936. It is also known as the Anti-breaking law. The act prevents the military campaign and transportation of strikebreakers. The act states it is a disgust to employ an individual, who has prosecute or resorted to victimisation vehemence during labor disputes. The use of threats and force is nix by the act. Some of the acts prohibited includ e move up forcefulness and inciting fellow workers to violence. Offenders of the Byrnes act be punished with fines and in cases of natural

Thinking Through Religions 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thinking Through Religions 4 - Essay ExampleThis is because self isolation and being separate can lead to a mental tell apart of renunciation. There is a perception that when men make vows, they tend to become spiritual men who state separate from the physical public (Merton, 1966). In a sense, this theory suggests that it is possible to subscribe to a personal ideology to the exclusion of the mainstream society (Braght & Sohm, 1987). The illusion theory assumes that men become separate by pickings vows that cause them to belong to an interior life. The new reality suggests that while the interior world may be real, it should not lead to denial of physical world which is dominated by the secular (Merton & Bochen, 2000). The reality of the God does not denounce the existence of hatred and corruption in a physical world that has evolved through revolution (Ferch, 2012). The reality of the interior world and the secular world in which we live is brought about by the level of aw benes s. The new reality is that there are no strangers (Ward, 8). The level of understanding of how we appear in Gods eyes can alter the values of collective existence (Broom, 2003). A grave example would be destroying weapons after realizing the need for friendship and company. As members of the homo race, God has designed us to be naturally interdependent. Question 2 founder Maximilian was arrested for aiding Jews and Polish underground. He with four others was deported to Auschwitz labor and death camp. According to the Camp Commandant, Fritsch, Roman Catholics had besides one month to live while Jews were entitled to only two weeks. They would then be killed through a crematorium. He was tattooed with 16670 as his number and began hard labor. However, when a prisoner escaped five months later, officers from Kolbes dugout canoe were paraded, ready to be taken to death chamber. Ten men were picked at random. One was a sergeant, Francis Gajowniczek. Father Kolbe offered to die of h is behalf after listening to his desperate cry. In 1982, during a rescue operation, Lenny Skutnit dived into the icy waters to save a lady. Priscilla Tirado was too exhausted to hold the rope dropped from a helicopter as dozens of lot watched, emergency service personnel included. The 30 feet swimming to the river show saved her life. Both men indicated their willingness to offer their lives on behalf of other people with actions as the evidence (Braght & Sohm, 1987). While one incident involved drowning, the other involved prison execution. Father Kolbe offered to offer his life for a person who could not reciprocate. These actions reveal that human nature can be moved to act on behalf of others without having a prior knowledge of their existence. The actions also reveal that human beings are naturally in need of each other. Human beings can act heroically on behalf of those in desperate circumstances or dire need of rescue. Question 3 Charles Roberts, 32 year old milk truck driv ers killed ten girls before committing suicide. This occurred in west Nickel Mines School in Pennsylvania. The members of the community went through organic moments of grief and mourning (Kraybill, 2007). However, hours after the shooting, an Amish neighbor had comforted Robertss family. The Amish community donated money to the widow and attended the burial ceremony of the killer. They showed love to Robertss family hours middling a day after some of them had buried their own daughters. The members of the Amish committed offered unconditional forgiveness even when it was extremely difficult. The national society might save mistaken their kind acts to mean they were less affected. Many affected families

European and international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European and international business - Essay ExampleGlobalization has intensify in recent years, a development that take aim significant implications for the regulation and governance of international business, trade and investment. International business implies no fundamental flip in the underlying principles of trading or business functions but simply much cross butt against proceeding .In simpler terms it includes all commercial transactions private and organisational between two or more countries. Private companies undertake such transactions for profit governments may or may not do the same in their transactions International Business comprises a large and growing portion of the worlds total business. The world have seen a tremendous increase in the global transactions and foreign trade in the recent years. The main reason behind this is that now more and more countries are getting engaged in trading with each other in order to increase their profit or sales or protecti ng them from being eroded by competition. The main objectives which are influencing the companies to engage in international business are expansion of sales, acquiring resources, minimizing competitive encounter and diversification of sources of sales and supplies (Johnson & Turner, 2003). Besides these there are few other factors like economic factors, cultural factors, technological factors, and social factors which have influenced to a greater extent.Reasons for recent international business growth-Its hard to determine just how much international business has occurred at differenttimes in history. ... - Development of supporting services- Increase in global competitionExpansion of technology In recent years, the pace of technological advances has accelerated to greater heights and the know directge of products and services is available more quickly and widely due to communication and transportation technology. By increasing the demand for new products and services, technology has tremendous impact on international business. As the demand increases, so do the number of international business transactions. The recent technological improvement led to the production of high quality products at lower cost. As a result, the domestic countries have entered foreign countries to find market for their products.Liberalization of cross - border movements Every country restricts the movement across its borders of goods and services and the resources, such as workers and capital to produce both .These restrictions hinder the international trade and thus the government today has imposed fewer restrictions on cross - border movements in order to facilitate trade. With the enactment of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) in 1995, the restrictions imposed on international trade are diminishing. There are many reasons as for why the government has reduced the restrictions. Few among them are their domestic products will flummox more efficient as a result of foreign compet ition, their citizens expressing the desire for better access to a larger variety of goods and services to lower prices and so on (Rugman & Brewer, Nov 2001).Development of supporting services Companies and governments have developed services which earn international business. For example, banks have developed efficient means for companies to receive

Interview for Gloria Aparicio Blackwell Research Paper

Interview for Gloria Aparicio Blackwell - Research Paper Example1.Have you already witnessed or seen examples of malicious mischief in the University of Maryland campus? If yes, please describe what it is/they are and when and where you saw it/them. Some examples are glass breakage, graffiti, and general property destruction. 2.What is the worst kind of vandalism that you have witnessed or seen in campus and why do you think it is the worst kind? How did this vandalism make you feel? 3.How much do you think is vandalism costing the University each year? 4.What do you think are the offender-centered (i.e. personal motivations) causes of vandalism? Some examples are anger, boredom, revenge, frustration, ideological goals, and stealing property. 5.Please think of an example of vandalism in campus and consider its environmental characteristics. What do you think are the environmental factors that contribute to vandalism in school (i.e. poor lighting, covered areas with few passers-by e t al., not exuberant people, other factors)? 6.What have the University and campus police done to prevent vandalism in campus that you are aware of? Are these actions effective? Why? Why not? 7.Does the moorage of Community Engagement have any related activities that tackle or prevent campus vandalism? What are they? Do you think that these activities work in preventing vandalism? Why/Why not? 8.What do you think should the University and campus police focus on when addressing vandalism?

PRESSURE SORE MANAGEMENT IN ADULT PATIENTS Essay

PRESSURE SORE MANAGEMENT IN ADULT PATIENTS - Essay ExampleFurthermore, just as there are distinct terms for the equal health mission challenge there are a wide range of interventions that have been used over a long period of epoch in the centering of pressure sore, with some even extending into the exotic in the form of magic potions, as the search for the right intervention in the management of pressure sores carries on (Ayello et al, 2008). The body of knowledge on pressure sores currently has expanded into a large volume of literature that is used as order in developing intervention strategies for pressure sores. Yet, quite often the value of the evidence received from research on pressure sores is quite often undermined by the poor research design, with particular tenseness on methodically sound empirical investigations and randomized controlled studies. This has hampered the expanding of the right understanding of pressure sores and the taking of correct sensible decisio ns in the management of pressure sores (Ponto, 2005). The true incidence and prevalence of pressure sores also remains a puzzle. ... These risk factors are classified under different heads consisting of medical diagnoses, co-morbidities and earlier medical episodes, patient demographics that include advanced age, anthropometric status, physiological status, nutritional status, functional status, psychological status, social behaviour and quality of treat care. From the perspective of the importance of pressure sores to adult nursing two key aspects stand out in the risk factors associated with pressure sores. The first aspect is that more of the risk factors associated with the development of pressure sores can be found in a large proportion of the adult population in society, with particular emphasis on the elderly segment. The second is the inclusion of the quality of nursing care in the risk factors for the development of pressure sores, with the obvious implication that when n ursing care is deficient or lacks the proper care elements, there are enhanced chances in the pressure sores overwhelming the nursing care provided to increase the negative outcomes for the patients (Bergstrom, 2005). In the upkeep of the health of society there is the need for greater emphasis in adult nursing, which stems from the rising trends in the elderly segment of population. Developments in the matter of medical science have resulted in increased longevity of life, which is an important factor in the elderly population segment becoming the fastest outgrowth segment of population. In 1980 the United Nations (UN) had forecasted that the number of elderly individuals above the age of 65 around the world would rise to 760 million in 2025. By 1999 the UN was coerce to change the estimates of the elderly population above the age

Problem Solving Activities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem Solving Activities - Assignment ExampleIf interested in business, then the course to take is entrepreneurship. This course fire happen one to be economic developer, small business executive, consultant, commercial banker and venture capitalist.Other courses such as public administration are equally good and often lead to career positions such as, administrative officers, budget analysts, financial examiners and field examiner. Real estate courses prepare one to become commercial property managers, residential financer, documentary estate agent or broker and land use planner. Urban and regional planning majors may lead student to become architectural review, construction management, development consultant, and city planner (Howell, 94). For student choosing Political science major, may become political advisors, congress aid, urban and regional planning, government serve well and business and lobbyist.In summary, the above mentioned majors are really exciting and good for students. It is therefore, upon the student to choose the right major to pursue. Student aiming to become politicians must(prenominal) learn about politics and not just inherit from other politicians. Generally, the entire above mentioned course leads to better rewards depending with the one you are interested with. You can decide to either choose one or pursue all of

The impact of the financial crisis on the British Airways company Research Paper

The impact of the financial crisis on the British Airways company - Research wallpaper ExampleIn a span of 5 years, 2005 to 2009, the airline progression in passenger and cargo traffic had picked up, only to be drastically pulled pass after the recession. The passenger load factor and overall load factor dropped from 79.1 to 77.0 and 73.4 to 72.0 percent respectively, passengers and tones of cargo carried dropped from 34613 to 33117 and 805 to 777 (000s) respectively (Operating and financial, britishairways.com). 6 2.4 Profit downturn 7 Following the decline in travels and cargo flow, British Airways revenues dropped substantially, which was associated with the high reliant on the premium tickets. The shift of passenger demand to other airlines was because of the extra discharge surcharge, which the British Airways charged its customers after the fuel price increase together with the 300 million euro fine in 2008, by the British department of justice, it was well-situated for the airline to slip into financial struggles. The trend of revenue generation in 2008 and the previous years to 2005, aimed at the 10 percent operating margin which was practical in the period of 2007/08 the only problem was that the growth in revenue generated come 2009 would be used to cover the increasing operational cost, hence remuneration turning into a loss (Financial performance of British, ukessays.co.uk). ... 7 As of 2009, the airline recorded a pre- tax loss of 401 million pounds, experiencing a invalidating growth of passengers by 4.4 percent, compared to 2008 profits of 922 million pounds, (Welham and Wang xinhuanet.com). A company with huge amount of stock, had to suffer loses again since the ex careen rates of the stock market were alter to accommodate the economic situation in Europe and the rest of the world, where it is a share holder. The share price of British Airways was in its climax during between 2006 and 2007 in the last decade, which later declined to its l owest mark in 2009 in the event of the crisis. (See fig. 2) It was a period that the company took a strategic decision of selling several(prenominal) of its convertible shares to avoid going bankrupt. Each share was worth 6.60 Euros in 2007, but by 2009, it had declined to 1.34 Euros however, it has survived through the difficult time to recover though in a slow development (Financial performance of British, ukessays.co.uk). 8 British Airways IAG share prices 8 2.5 Employment issues 9 3.0 Conclusion 10 1.0 Introduction British Airways Company is one of the major European airline service providers, to the numerous numbers of the passengers within the local and international dimensions. It is a company that has long autobiography since World War I, when air travelling was more of an adventure compared to the modern society. The company has evolved over time to meet customers demands and overcome the economic challenges that also change unexpectedly. It is a company known to have fo rmed mergers with other companies and engaged in privatization to reach where it is today. However, the global financial crisis that began in late

Analysis of Domestic Violence Articles Using ANOVA Essay

Analysis of Domestic Violence Articles Using ANOVA - examine ExampleThe level of measurement of a variable determines what kinds of tools are appropriate in describing the variables. There are five levels of measurements of variables and these include nominal, ordinal, interval, dichotomous and ratio. The last dickens are often treated as either nominal or interval respectively (Healey, 2011). In this guide, the variables were measured using the nominal and the ordinal categories. A number of methods of statistical data analysis are employ and these include factor analysis, correlations analyses, ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. A total of quatern case-by-case variables and fourteen independent variables were measured. (Kyu & Kanai, 2005) The research question for the study was Is domestic violence more likely to happen to women who have been fooled into marriage without truly knowing the checkmate? The research established that 69% and 27% percent of women were reporte d experiencing psychological aggression and physical assault respectively. The results also showed that women who have been fooled into marriage without their knowledge hear minor physical assault, severe physical assault and minor psychological aggression. The findings, the researchers say can be used in creating programs that can be used to address the problem effectively in the city (Kyu & Kanai, 2005). The second journal article aimed to study how children are involved in adult domestic violence. The study thus aimed to examine a large number of factors in the family and the surrounding that may be able to explain the differences that are witnessed in children in terms of their responses to adult domestic violence. This study used demographic variables as the independent variables were recorded as ordinal. A total number of ten independent variables and four dependent variables were analyzed in the study (Edleson, Mbilinyi, Beeman, & Hagemeister, 2003).

Management and leadership styles and issues including the effect these Essay

Management and leadership styles and issues including the effect these have on supply within clinical areas - Essay ExampleIt leads group hard run short towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals. By describing objectives of organization visibly, there would be no waste of time, movement and money. Management alters disorganized resources of human factor, machinery, money etc. into valuable enterprise. These resources are synchronized, focused and organized in such a manner that initiative work towards accomplishment of goals. Moreover, it inspires the optimal application of resources - Management employs all the physical & human resources effectively. This leads to effectiveness in management. Management allows us to achieve maximum utilization of restrain resources by choosing its finest possible alternate use in business from out of a range of uses. It employs professionals and these services result in the decorous use of their abilities, knowledge, and proper utilizatio n and evade wastage. If employees and machines are manufacturing at their maximum, there will be no under employment of any resources. Management also diminishes costs as it gets maximum results through minimum input by proper planning and by using minimum input and acquiring maximum output. Management uses physical, fiscal and human resources in a manner that leads to the best combination. This aids in the reduction of costs. In addition to that, management creates rigorous organizations as there is no overlying of energies through well-defined and synchronised roles. To establish a sound organizational arrangement is one of the objectives of management which is in sync with the organizational objectives and for work of this, it launches effective authority & responsibility. Effective management creates equilibrium as it allows the organization to endure varying environment. It stays in collaboration with this changing environment. It is also accountable for growth as well as the survival of a business (Hesketh & Laidlaw, 2010). As far as leadership is concerned, it can be categorised as one of the most significant function of management which supports to maximize efficiency and attain organizational objectives. Leadership is basically influencing the thoughts, emotions and behaviours of people. Without leadership arguments and conflicts break out. Leadership plays a crucial role in maintaining unity. However it is necessary for leaders to be visionary. Leadership is very necessary in an administering the organization. According to Steve Jobs, We cant support everybody happy. Its beyond our capability. But we can give them the opportunity to be happy. Leadership is vital within an organization for the staff in a revolution of ways. Firstly, leadership helps in initiating action. A leader is an entity who initiates the work by sharing the plans and policies to the juniors from where the effort actually begins (Kotter & Cohen, 2002). Motivation is also an ad vantage as a leader validates to be playing an incentive part in the workings of the organization. They inspire the employees with economic as well as non-economic recompenses and thereby prosper in getting the work done from the subordinates. A leader has to not only accomplish and manage but also play a managerial role for the juniors. management here means training the subordinates the way they have to achieve their

Summary (33-112 pp.) of The Mother of the Lord - Memory, Presence, Essay

Summary (33-112 pp.) of The Mother of the Lord - Memory, Presence, Hope Translated by Thomas A. Thompson - Essay ExampleLaws, meditations and think tanks are formed to fight with the oppose propensities in life, but, unfortunately, the level of determination to struggle is directly related with the level of faith in our cause. The deeper we believe in something, the higher will be our indigence to put it into action. The Marian theology helps, where all other methods of social reformation fail. . It will be a better approach to study it with contemporary theological currents. Other branches of theological inquiry- soteriology, pneumatology, and ecclesiology also come to the fore here. To understand the Marian theology begins with understanding the role of Blessed bloody shame and her contribution and importance in Christianity. beau ideal has blessed bloody shame with a special favor to her and passed his righteousness to the Christ through her. Mary was chosen as the mother of Chr ist, by the graven image to put forward goodness and kindness. She is a mirror of Gods mercy to His people and provided spiritual, physical and intellectual needs to her Son. In Matthews Gospel, Joseph is told, It is by the Holy Spirit that she has conceived this child (Mt 120). The relation between Blessed Mary and Christ is of utmost importance in understanding the Marian theology. It describes the fall in that Virgin Mary is a blessed soul to for every Christian to find his way to the Christ as an establishment of faith. It becomes an essential part of Christian faith to pray and love Mary, along with Christ, to understand his holiness. Because of this relation, she is a perfect fruit of the redemptive work of her son. As a result of the Incarnation, humankind legitimate the link which connects the creation with its Creator. The significance of Mary lies within the Holy Trinity. With this relation, she has assigned a supreme dignity and responsibility that are not available to every other creature ever. She has a gifted transcendent honor that can be a great source of inspiration with each one of us. She has secure supremacy to oblige in the process of salvation for all mankind. God has bestowed on her a special grace of redemption for the benefit of human-beings. Thus, Mary is effrontery titles such as the temple of the Trinity, tabernacle, alter, sanctuary. The book also deals with the relationship between Mary and the Holy Spirit. In essence, Mary is protected from the stain of headmaster sin, and the Holy Spirit filled her with grace. She is created by the Spirit as his perfect temple and as a result of which, she did not need to be baptized, because the Gods spirit is present within her very existence. Jesus, who is the spring of all grace, came to Mary as a result of the work of the Holy Spirit so it is conclusive that all grace had to come through Mary by the exertion of the Holy Spirit. As in the Old Covenant, the cloud indicates God, in the refreshful Covenant, the Holy Spirit overshadowed Mary, and she conceived, becoming the tent of God. The visit of Mary to the house of Zachariah is also important in establishing the relationship between Mary and the Spirit. Elizabeth, filled with the Spirit, greeted Mary saying, Most blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb. Mary in response recited her Magnificat, filled with the Spirit. Furthermore, the document indicates that in the temple during the appearance of her child Marys sacrifice, which was in Spirit and truth, symbolizes Jesus Passion. In addition, we see a connection between

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Auditing - Essay ExampleAssurance service is an independent captain service, typically provided by CPAs, with the goal of improving the information or the context of the information so that decision makers can make more informed, and presumably part decisions. Attestation services are consultations that evaluate the reliability of written statements that are an different partys responsibility. Audits can be considered a type of confidence service but are only designed to test the validity of the financial statements. Recent economic issues drive increased demand for assurance services. The banking and finance industry fiasco of recent years has made these services indispensible in todays market. There are differences amid assurance engagements and affidavit engagements other than audits and financial statements. One attestation is that of an entitys compliance with requirements of specified laws, regulations, rules, contracts, or grants. A type of assurance engagement is that of a comfort letter prepared to assure the recipient of the financial soundness company.The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) have positioned the auditing professions to become assurance professions. Here, we explored the difference between assurance services, attestation services and auditing services. Furthermore, we discussed economic issues that drive increased demand for assurance services. We also identified one assurance engagement and one attestation engagement other than an audit of financial statements and the differences between them.The ten Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) provide the foundation for all other auditing standards and interpretations. Here, we define the standard of collectible professional care and how a court might decide whether an audit firm met the standard. We also discuss why independence is often considered the

Extended Producer Responsibilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Extended Producer Responsibilities - Essay ExampleThe consumers erect pay a compensation when the y purchases a new vehicle. This fee will then be managed by a third party in this case the party can be EPA. On the part of the manufactures I would ensure that they have goals set in recycling the vehicles.This program can be modified on the chink that the manufacturer is located outside the U.S. to comply with the law. This will involve setting a law that requires all imported cars in the United States should come from countries with austere disposal laws. Also, an extra import fee should be incorporated to aid the disposal of the vehicle.This program will definitely influence product designers in look into & development group. Example plastic which comprise of the largest portion of currently non-recycled material will make the product designers & development group to replace it with materials which can be recycled. Countries who also wish to export automobiles in United States w ill have to adapt to stringent vehicles recycling

Original topic in Advanced MAcroeconomics Essay

Original topic in Advanced MAcroeconomics - Essay ExampleThe fit of payments is usually in deficit. (Adams, 2002, pp. 53-55)A countrys fiscal policy is the mix of government expenditure and revenue gather inion mechanism in an economy. Historically, governments collect revenues from taxes and their expenditures include public sector expenditures. (Auerbach, 1997, p. 88)A countrys fiscal policy is a combination of activities by the state bank or telephone exchange bank, the government and other financial institutions to control the demand and supply of money and interest rank in an economy. In a nutshell, the effect of each is parasitic on the other and that is what the monetary policy aims to control. (Walsh, 2003, pp. 9-12) This case focuses on primarily on monetary policy. To gain a better understanding of how a monetary policy works, we first need to understand its two pieces i.e. money supply and interest rates.Money supply is generally divided into M1 and M2. Further clas sifications may also exist. The divisions are based on liquidity of the funds. M1 funds are the most liquid funds and include cash, very short term securities or securities resembling to cash. M2 funds include those funds which are slightly less liquid than cash like current account deposits. As the liquidity decreases, the number afterwards M increases.In my opinion interest rate is basically the cost of money. It is also the cost of borrowing or the return on investment. Interest rates have two components. The discount rate which is set by the central bank and is the rate at which the central bank lends to commercial banks. The other component is the market interest rate. I believe it differs because of banks spreads and their portfolio of customers.In my opinion, the developed nations have always moved towards a relaxed monetary policy as they promote free trade and trade liberalization. In addition the existing well defined systems in these economies allowed for and

Examination of historical context Research Paper

Examination of historical context - Research Paper ExampleBut above all these, the question of the lieu of capital of Israel is perhaps the most complex and intractable. Placing this modern problem in a historical context can help us to understand why this city is at the heart of any talk of Middle East peace.The establishment of Jerusalem as the capital of a united Jewish advance is a great source of nationalistic pride for secular and religious Jews alike. David the King made it his seat of power and it remained as such for nearly 1,000 years. In addition to this national pride felt for this place, the sacred nature of Jerusalem binds the Jews to his place as well. Jerusalem was the site of the first temple built by Solomon. The remaining wall of the second, reconstructed temple still stands and is considered a sacred site for modern orthodox Jews. For reasons both nationalistic and religious, Jerusalem is a merry place for Jewish identity. This is clear from the sacred writing found in the Nevim where it states, Rejoice for Jerusalem and be glad for her, All you who love her Join in her Jubilation, All you who mourned everyplace her forI will extend to her Prosperity like a stream, The wealth of nations like a wadi in flood. (Isaiah 6610,12). It may be this fervor for controlling Jerusalem that led the Israelis to declare Jerusalem as the capital of their new nation in 1949, just two years afterward agreeing that it should be a divided, internationally controlled heritage city. In 1980, Israel did away with any partitioning, declaring Jerusalem a unified city.Christians look with a religious attachment to Jerusalem because so much of the life of Jesus Christ occurred there. Sacred sites such as the hill of Golgotha and the Garden of Gethsemane have long attracted pilgrims from all over the world. The attachment to Jerusalem took a decidedly political turn for Christians after its annexation by Muslims. In 1095, at the urging of Pope Urban II, Christians took up arms to

Acid Rain investigation Essay Example for Free

Acid Rain investigation Essayo There are many dissimilar kinds of wearing away but social disease f solely or else wind erosion are the two main types which could have eroded the marble statue which was positioned in the garden close to the industrial site. o Acid rain is made up from of a cocktail of different acids e. g. sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, carbonic acid.Sulphuric acid is released into the ambience from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil, nitric acid is given off from car exhaust fumes, These gases react with water vapour and oxygen from the melodic line and with the help of sunlight turn to acids and fall to ground in the forms of precipitation with high acidity levels which are between pH 1. 5 and 5 (acid rain or acid snow). o Sulphur dioxide is harmful to humans and elicit led to bronchitis and other lung diseases. o Sulphur is released into the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels most of the worlds air pollution is due(p) to the smoke give n off from burning things.o The increasing amount of acid rain, which falls each year, is due to the increasing amount factories and vehicles on our roads. o Lakes in Scandinavia are effected very(prenominal) badly by acid rain even though very little of it is actually produced thither, it is carried mainly by prevailing winds from Germany, France, the UK and other large industrialised European countries. o Acid rain can destroy trees by removing vital minerals from the soil, buildings, metal work e. g. cars, bridges, it can also destroy lakes and rivers killing all fish and plants which live their, acid rain can also select effect on are health.o Nitric acid could be the main power in acid rain for it is the most corrosive of all the acids which make up acid rain. Calcium carbonate + sulphuric acid = calcium sulphate + water + carbon dioxide CaCO3+H2SO4= CaSO4+ H2O+CO2 This word is equation is not to blame for the erosion of the marble statue because calcium sulphate is an inso luble participate which means that when the calcium sulphate come into contact the statue depart be coated preventing it from any further erosion.With sulphuric acid not the blame for eroding the statue that leaves nitric acid and carbonic acid, carbonic acid is very week and therefore it would not be possible for it to erode the statue in such a short time, so that means the acid which has eroded the marble statue is nitric acid Calcium carbonate + nitric acid = calcium nitrate + water + carbon dioxide CaCO3 + NH3 = Ca(NO3) 2+ H2 O+ CO2 What am i liberation to investigate? I am going to find expose how the concentration of nitric acid would effect the marble statue and would quickly it testament erode depending on how high the concentration of acid is.With the results I gain from this experiment I will draw up a graph to show how the concentration has interpreted effect. Safety Like all experiments safety is very important and eachthing should be done carefully, safety goggl es should be worn at all measure in this experiment, we are using acids which are very strong, especially nitric acid, and therefore can easily burn so extra care is needed. altogether rules for experiments should be fallowed, to prevent any unwanted accidents, e. g. chairs below tables, tie tucked in. Fair test To make this experiment fair a number of things moldiness remain the corresponding through-out the investigation1. same volume of acid used through-out, will be 25cm3. 2. Same type of acid used in the testing, in this experiment it will be nitric acid which I will use. 3. Every investigation must be done in the same temperature, this will be room temperature. 4. Same weight of marble used which will be measured to two decimal places. 5. So my results are correct I will do each experiment twice and find the average from the two tries. Apparatus 1. Electronic scales- will be used to weigh out the marble to an accuracy of two decimal places. 2. Measuring cylinder- this will be used to measure out the volume of the acid.3. Stop clock- used to time how foresightful the marble is reacting with the acid. 4. Marble chips- will be used to react with the acid some of the marble will be in powder form to revive up the response. 5. Nitric acid- will be used to react with the marble chips. 6. Beaker- will be where the reaction will take place. 7. Safety goggles- used to cherish your eyes in case of any spillages, should be wore at all times during the experiment. What affects the rate of reaction? There are three main factors which can effect the rate of reaction on the marble statue they areThe concentration of the acid- the higher the concentration the more collisions will take place therefore erosion occurs quicker. The pressure of the acid- the higher the pressure the more collisions due to the particles being closer together. Temperature- the higher the temperature the more heartiness the particles will have meaning they will more much quicker and caus e more reactions. Light- the amount of light available can alter the rate of reaction for the light will give energy to the particles which will increase the number of collisions.The size of the solids surface- the larger the surface area the longer it will take to be broken down, so a reaction on a solid with a small surface area will take a less time. Variables Controlled- what I will keep the same through out this whole investigation is the mass of the marble which I will be used, it will be measured accurately using electronic scales. The volume of the acid will also be the same and it will be measured out using a measuring cylinder. Independent-this is what will be changed through-out the experiment, I will change the concentration of the acid for each part of the investigation.Dependent- I will measure the length of time it takes for each concentration of acid to erode the marble pieces. This will be done using a stop clock. Prediction I think that if the concentration of the acid is increased the zip of the reaction will increase, this is because with a small concentration of acid mixed with marble there is less acid particles to react with the marble meaning there are fewer successful collisions, with a much larger concentration of acid mixed with marble more collisions will take place because there are more acid particles which means that the reaction will take less time.Suitable range of readings I will have to collect tolerable readings from my experiment to draw a graph, this means I will need more than 5 readings, so If I record a reading every minute I should have enough information. I will do each experiment two times and take the average results. From this I will draw a graph to show the concentration of acid against time taken.

The Theme of Love in Womans Novels Essay Example for Free

The Theme of Love in Womans Novels EssayMy aim is to comp ar and contrast dissimilar kinds of heat in the novels The Tenant of Wildfell Hall written by Anne Bront and The Mill on the Floss written by George Elliot. I am going to experiment and determine a cope of parents for their children, a dearest between siblings, a love between man and woman, and a love of literary works and dodge in these novels. In the novel The Mill on the Floss the heroine Helen has a little son Arthur and she loves him rattling much. She takes a good apportion of him, she is aware where he is and what he is doing, and if she is non virtually her, she asks about him What was Arthur doing when you came away? (Bront, 55). She tries to provide him a good bringing up and she wants him to become a good man one day. And when he is around his induce who has a really bad influence on him, she does everything possible to harbor him from the behaviour of his father.Even though his father is a bad p erson, she does not want her son to hate his father, she only wants him to see that his father is not a good person and that little Arthur does not have to be the selfsame(prenominal) And when you hear such words spoken, Arthur, remember neer to repeat them it is wicked to say such things of some others, not to have them said against you (299). Even though it seems to be impossible to man age it, one day little Arthur sees it Im sorry papas wicked, said he mournfully, at length, for I acceptt want him to go to hell. And so saying he burst into tears (300). Helens love for her son is selfless, patient, and never-stopping just the way the love of a parent for her or his child is supposed to be. Maggie and Tom, siblings in the novel The Mill on the Floss, have parents who care for them as well. Their father Mr Tulliver wants to provide them with good tuition what I want is to give Tom a good eddication (Elliot, 14). He knows that he is a bit illiterate so he wants his son to be pause, educated, and independent as he has never been.His wife agrees with him Well, Mr. Tulliver, you know best Ive no objections (14). When Tom is sent away from domicil to get his education, his father visits him when he has a chance It was Mr. Tullivers first visit to see Tom (99). They have good parents-children relationship which is obvious from the actions of Tom and Maggie. After their education they help their father, protect him from bad news when he is deadly ill or when he hurts himself, or when he lost everything they obey him and help him When Maggie r all(prenominal)ed home that evening, in obedience to her fathers call, he was no longer insensible (132). The love of Maggies parents is not acquisitive and selfless because they do for their children what they make to have better life and they are asking only for obedience.Helen has one brother who is called Frederic, but they are not really close as children, because she lives with her aunty and not with him. not withstanding when the trouble with Helens keep up comes and she needs to ferment, he helps her without hesitation because blood is thicker than water. And thanks to their distant relationship her husband will never ask him about her Mr. Huntingdon would be the last person to whom he should communicate the intelligence and that he need not trouble himself to bargain for the child, for he (Frederick) assumed he knew enough of his sister to enable him to declare, that wherever she might be, or however situated, no consideration would induce her to deliver him up (326). besides when she leaves her husband and starts living in Wildfell Hall, they grow closer and he is her regular visitor. And since no one knows who he is to her, everyone including Gilbert, the man who loves her, thinks that they are yellowish browns.Gilbert overhears one of their conversations of loving for individually one other and he misinterprets it I heard quite enough, Helen. And it was well for me that I di d hear it for nothing less could have cured my infatuation (107). The love of Helen and Frederick for each other is selfless and caring. On the contrary, Maggie and Tom grow up unitedly, they do everything together. Maggie follows Tom everywhere and he is an example for her. Her love for him during childhood is very open IT was a heavy disappointment to Maggie that she was not allowed to go with her father in the gig hen he went to fetch Tom home from the academy (26). But their relationship is as most of the relationships of siblings are they some cartridge clips argue or tease each other, and sometimes they are impatient with each other, but they are glad to see each other Tom, in the gladness of his heart at having dear old Maggie to dispute with and crow over again, seized her round the stem (100). Later, when Tom does not agree with the choice of her lover, they argue and he stops speaking to her.But she loves him unconditionally and wants to have a good relationship with h im. In the end the stop their disputes and they come to terms with each other The boat reappeared, but brother and sister had gone down in an embrace never to be parted living through again in one supreme moment the days when they had clasped their little hands in love, and roamed the daisied fields together (333). The first love of the heroine of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall was foolish, reckless, and it almost destroyed her. She chose a man with good looks, who made her laugh, but he was irresponsible and wild and she eyeshot he would change. At the beginning their love was passionate, but soon she realized that he flirts with other women even though he was married and that he thinks of her as an object of his pleasure and does not treat her as an equal partner. His love for her is selfish.On the other hand, her second love, Mr Gilbert Markham, is to a greater extent matured, but still very passionate and romantic just when I love you more than ever (331). Their love began as frie nds Mrs. Graham and I were now established friends (78). And while cosmos friends, she realised that he is an opposite of her husband and that he treats her as an equal partner and is a good example for her little son. She knows that she dropnot marry him so she tries to protect him from being hurt of unfulfilled love Now, Gilbert, you must leave menot this moment, but soonand you must never come again. (331). Their love for each other is selfless and self-sacrificing. Maggie Tulliver has two men in her life that she loves as well. Her first love is Phillip, Toms classmate. But at the beginning she pities him more than she loves him because of his deformity. But later they become friends, they talk about the books they read a lot and their love for each other grows.She thinks of him as a brother, not a lover As if I were not grateful for any love. Butbut I had never thought of your being my lover. It seemed so far off homogeneous a dreamonly like one of the stories one imaginestha t I should ever have a lover (214). But she soon realises that she can love him more than just as a brother but I dont think I could love any one better than I love you (215). On the contrary, her love for Stephen is based on the mutual attraction. Their love is passionate and everything that Phillip cannot give her. The first time she and Stephen are alone thither is strong attraction towards each other they cannot explain Did she feel as he did? He hoped she didnot. He ought not to have gone. He would master himself in future. He would make himself disagreeable to her, quarrel with her perhaps. Quarrel with her? Was it possible to quarrel with a creature who had such eyes,defying and deprecating, contradicting and clinging, imperious and beseeching,full of delicious opposites? To see such a creature subdued by love for one would be a lot worth havingto another man (262).One moment they run away together and want to get married, but Maggie comes to her senses, because their love is forbidden by society since Stephen is her cousins fianc. Helen Graham is a woman who can play the piano, sing a little, she can dance and she really loves literature. But most of all she loves drawing. Sometimes drawing is the only activity she likes doing My drawing suits me best, for I can draw and think at the same time and if my productions cannot now be seen by any one but myself, and those who do not care about them, they, possibly, may be, hereafter (109). Her drawing is so good that she earns some money with her paintings, which she saves for the escape from her husband. When she comes to Wildfell Hall, she still continues drawing.It is one of her favourite past times and she draws the things she likes she leftover us and proceeded along the steep, stony hill, to a loftier, more precipitous eminence at some distance, whence a still finer prospect was to be had, where she preferred taking her sketch, though some of the ladies told her it was a frightful place, and advised h er not to attempt it (54). Helen also likes reading a lot, she and Mr Markham often lend each other some books and then discuss it. The love of art is fulfilling for her, it is calming her and helping her overcome bad moments of her life. It is Maggies love of literature that is fascinating. Her desire for intimacy and to know everything is never-ending. As a little child she reads a lot, she has read the books that other children have not and the books she should not have read at her age The History of the Devil, by Daniel Defoe,not quite the right book for a little girl, said Mr. Riley (20).This desire for knowledge does not go weaker when she is older. Every time she visits Tom at his teacher she is fascinated by everything he is being taught. And it is books she and Phillip talk about every time they meet. They discuss if the books are good or if they would like to be like the main characters Take back your Corinne, said Maggie, drawing a book from under her shawl. You were rig ht in telling me she would do me no good but you were wrong in thinking I should wish to be like her (213). When she spends time with her cousin Lucy she starts to like music, but it is books and literature she loves the most The mere concord of octaves was a delight to Maggie, and she would often take up a book of studies preferably than any melody, that she might taste more keenly by abstraction the more primitive sensation of intervals.Not that her enjoyment of music was of the kind that indicates a great specific talent it was rather that her sensibility to the supreme excitement of music was only one form of that passionate sensibility which belonged to her whole nature (257). Her love of books and literature and all art is really passionate and never ending. To sum up, the theme of love is present greatly in both novels The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and The Mill on the Floss. agnate love in both these novels is selfless and caring, while the love of siblings differs. Helen is distant with her brother at the beginning, but then they become close. Their love is the kind of love which does not want anything in return.The love between Maggie and Tom goes through several stages. While Maggies love is sincere and stable, Toms love goes through the stage of coldness. But in the end he still loves his sister. Both heroines have two men they fall in love with in their lives, and even though they are totally different they both know what it means to love passionately. Also the love of art and literature differs. While Maggies love of art and literature is passionate as she is passionate about everything in her life, the love of literature and art is calmer for Helen. The theme of love is depicted a bit differently in these two novels but it is portrayed in a big aspect.Work citedBront, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. N.p. Pennsylvania State University, 2003.Print.Elliot, George. The Mill on the Floss. Vol. IX. N.p. Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction, 2000. Prin t.

Online Banking Essay Example for Free

Online margeing Essay1. Introduction Background As the developing of the technology, the bounding had extended change, it is necessary to study how to use automated teller machine of Online Banking to keep and management our property. John Shepherd-Barron had invented the Automatic Teller Machine ( cash machine) in 1967s, the ATM becomes the most authorized equipment in peoples life after 40 years, and there are ab let on 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine, 2009).It merchantman say that many people are utilise it everyday, like save money, and draw money or some transaction money, so the how to avoid and reduce the risk of ATM become more important than others activity, recently, the crime closely the ATM increase rapidly, like model the card learning to steal money at ATM, cash trapping and other ATM scam were cost 29. 3million last year in the UK (Emma Reynolds, 2012). The second problem is the emergency about the shore system, like server shut d have with out omen, which will make serious effect to human life (European ATM Security Fraud Prevention). This part provides a critique of the literature of the ATM Bank System.The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in 1967s and becomes the most important equipment in peoples life after 40 years, there are about 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine Gammon, 2009). I choose this topic because using shore system is very important activity in our life, we are overseas student in the UK and we must management our property safely, so I think young people is likely to contribute to this topic.2. What are the negative effect of ATM Banking Online 2. 1 Risk of ATM In the ATM Threat and Risk Mitigation (Frank D, N.D), the author focus on the all kinds of crimes about the ATM, for example stolen or imposture with ATM, introduce the ATM Security in detail and analysis the development of sale transactions, at last author gives some suggestion to readers how to protect own account and create some ideas for Bank how to complete the ATM Systems perfect. The literature describe how steal the information of costumers bank card and how to use these information to copy a card to steal the money also, in conclusion, do not use the ATM which looks suspicious and report to Bank. The literature provides very important information about how to avoid to lose money in ATM.2. 2 Risk of Bank Online The second literature is Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking Electronic Banking (Basel C, 2003), this is a moderate which focus on the risk of online banking and this is a group work, there are many people to finish this literature together. I think this is a very good book because author use many example to pardon and discuss the risk management principles. In this literature author explain and disuse the challenge of the Online Banking (E-Banking or Internet Transport). Base on the example of Electronic Banking Group (EBG) to describe the 14 risk management principles of electronic banking (Basel C. 2003). This book lists some challenge of the Online Banking The innovation of electronic banking skill and customers sever are change rapidly. The electronic banking more deepens on information technology, so make the attend more complicated. It is base on the Internet the visitors come from all over the world, so it maybe produces many security issues of system The author lists the relevant beginning Effective management from the bank Building a comprehensive control process Investigate and supervise the process of relationships. The literature providers some good measures for Bank to reduce the risk of Online Banking (Emma R, 2012).3. New ATM innovations Nowadays, the technology of ATM develops to a high level, it can realize many useful functions, however, the requirement always can not be content, that encourage people to create new ATM. A technology will be tested in India. In the wake of increase instances of fraudulent money withdrawals from ATMs in Chandigarh and Panchkula, the security agencies are in the process of conducting tests on the new safety equipment likely to be installed in ATMs in the sound future said by Khushboo Sandhu (a leading Columnist associated with The Indian Express) in 2010. That means, we do not need bank card anymore, just use the image scanner to affirm the costumer (Thorsten, 2012), that will reduce the process time and make process safe, because it is very hard to copy biological information.4. Analysis and Synthesis The ATM and Banking online system were invented by human, so it must be have many regrets, it must have many risks during the processing. Frank and Basel(2003) had explained some typical risks in the bank system and gave some advise of solution, however, there are always new problems will appear in the future. These problems will become the new challenge of the bank system in Thorstens (2012) viewpoint. Maybe this is too professional to students, however , how to choose a suitable bank is signific ant for the international students.

Myanmar And Its Neighbours History Essay

Myanmar And Its Neighbours History EssayMyanmar is wizard of the few countries in Asia which has reserved interest in what happens outside its besiege. This is often reflected in the lands external traffic form _or_ system of g everyplacenment. Perception of outside threat to her national security and sovereignty do Myanmar dictation an independent barely in identification numberive role in external affairs. Historically, though Myanmars immediate neighbours were tortured by strong kings of Myanmar in different termination of history, Myanmar in any case suffered in the hands of the neighbouring terra firmas. Thus, the people of Myanmar have general fear and indifferent psychosis to fightds outside world. This is closely related to nationalism, xenophobia and insular habits. From geographical standpoint also, Myanmar has favourable strong-arm structure and geo-strategic position that has a lot to hide from the outside world. It has been menti one(a)d in the second chapter that Myanmar is surrounded by mountains on tether sides and by sea on the forth (south), which do not provide easy access to inside Myanmar. Myanmar was also situated in a vulnerable geo-strategic location with India and China among which Myanmar is sandwiched and between contending cold war sphere of influence represented by communistic China and pro-western Thailand, Myanmar stood hudd take. During the heyday of cold war, Southeast Asian region became a hotspot of the supranational power politics with many countries of the region taking side either with the western bloc headed by United States of America or the eastern bloc down the stairs the erstwhile Soviet Union. But Myanmar tended to look inward in the name of maintaining sovereignty and independent action. This is reflected in the distant insurance form _or_ system of establishment of the country as evolved, first as policy of neutralism and nonalignment under U Nu, and second, as policy of isolation under Ne dr aw, until it adopted policy of opportunistic engagement with the world outside particularly since late 1988. The parliamentary democracy era of 1950s avoided active international engagement in pursuance of non-aligned policy. The establishment of war machine rule in March 1962 brought Myanmars nonalignment and neutral ideology into a strong xenophobic and paranoid nationalism, clearly aimed at lessen any conflicting influence on Myanmars politics, economy and society. Only international engagement beneficial to forcess perceived ideology and interest was allowed. In response to the military organizations monopoly of power and adverse human right records, many liberal democratic countries of the west imposed sanctions against Myanmar, and ostracised the country. In the meantime, global geo- semipolitical shifts occurred with the end of cold war in early 1990s following the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union. Geo-economics rather than geo-politics gained greater credence in the changed international environment. Economic integration and regionalism ushered in with globalization as the thriving force. Internally, the crisis of 1988 necessitate shift in the country internal politics and approaches to external countries. Accordingly, Myanmar made ad comelyment in response to changes in national and external environment. With western liberal democratic countries still following policy anti-thetical to the militarys ideology, Myanmar focussed to its immediate neighbours and region. While the western countries used sanction policy, neighbouring Asian disposals followed a policy of constructive engagement. In doing so, they have filled much of the international political and economic vacuum in Myanmar, giving the military leaders to follow its self-proclaimed political road-map.This chapter is structured to highlight Myanmars foreign policy, the status of Myanmar in the world community, the countrys governing-to-government dealingship and relative int egration with the world community, especially focussing its relationship with its three important neighbours that is to say China, Thailand and India. It provide be conducted in three phases period of neutrality and non-alignment under parliamentary democracy, period of isolationism under Ne Win and the period of engagement subsequentlymath 1988. This chapter shows that Myanmars isolationism in external front is a necessary corollary of its domestic political setting. This chapter proves that Myanmars retreat from world of nations is premised on fear, security, non-interference, national interest, sovereignty and development. though in its foreign relations, Myanmar has retained regular relationship with all countries, in practice Myanmar discourages the relationship between its people and those of opposite countries, so much so that it is like closing the country from the outside world and acts like a hermit of Asia. This chapter also recognises with how domestic political-ec onomic changes since 1988 have affected its external affairs policy. This chapter will show that Myanmars foreign policy and status in the international community was characterised by varying degrees of isolation, in response to its internal political setting and global political scenario. International isolationism became a comfortable state of the isolationist political system under the military leaders to deny the attention of the foreign powers as to what happen inside the borders of the country. From the militarys angle, international isolation was in pursuance of a strong, cohesive and developed Myanmar the basis of which was to ensure the military continue to stay in power until birthable time had emerged to vacate seat of power. As the goal suggest, it will be shown in this chapter that Myanmar opens to outside world only it would serve its extremely self-centred interests. Myanmars direct neighbours are often forced to undergo a difficult balancing act.Myanmar in Internat ional ContextOne fact of the pre-colonial Myanmar was that the Burmans were loosely indifferent towards foreigners. Historically, Myanmars political and military ties with the outside world had feared the country. The Thais, Manipuris, Chinese or Europeans provided ill-experience of dealing with outsiders. The Myanmese never accepted the British presence in Myanmar they saw the British institutions and practices had undermined the Burman culture. Myanmars ill with the outsider strengthened during the World War Two, when its ties with the British made it a Japanese target. The resulting oppression and destruction during the World War Two left hand Myanmar even much apathetic to outsiders. With such fear psychosis, Myanmar became independent in 1948, also with new hopes and vigour. But the period coincided with the onset of cold war, where the world was carve up into two rival camps headed by United States on the one hand, and Soviet Union, on the otherwise, and most of the lesser powerful states following them. Two traditional rivals, China, a communist country in the north, and Thailand, a pro-western ally to the east, were allegedly expressed sympathy for Myanmars anti-government rebels and insurgents in the border areas. Very differently from them, Indian, a non-aligned partner under the leadership of prime minister U Nus close friend Jawaharlal Nehru, had been emerging as a distinct force in the world. This situation was well input signaled by U Nu in 1950. U Nu lamented his country as ..like a tender gourd among the cactus. We cannot move an inch. If we act irresponsiblyand thrust the Union of Burma into the arms of one bloc, the other bloc will not be contented to look on with folded arms (U Nu, 5 September 1950 quoted by Thomson 1957266 ). Back home, ethnic and political disunity erupted into rebellion and the ever increasing economic deterioration greatly disrupted legitimacy of the government and stability of the country. The new external and dome stic challenges made materializing Aung Sans world-view difficult.1In response to the challenges, the new countrys leaders adopted neutralism and non-alignment as the cornerstone of the foreign policy of the country. At the same time, as Choudhary (2000423) mentions, Myanmar also accepted the dogmas of maintaining friendly relations with all countries especially with her neighbours without being engaged too closely with any one of them, and of receiving no economic uphold with string attached. Commenting on the genesis of Myanmars neutralism in dealing with outside world, Silverstein (1977169) concludes The policy of neutralism was found on certain realities that imposed themselves on either a civilian (before 1962) or a military ( later on 1962) Burmese government. Among them were Burmas small memories of World War Two and the suffering and destruction inflicted upon its people and the land its internal political instability and its ethnic and political disunity. These were supe rimposed on Myanmars traditional withdrawing and isolationist attitude and influence of personality of U Nu (Bandyopadhaya 1983152), the first prime minister of independent Myanmar.2These factors, among others, shaped Myanmars world-view, that Myanmar would be a neutral and non-aligned country in an effort to maintain friendship with all countries in the world. Myanmar joined United Nations and it became a leading voice and founder-leader of the non-alignment movement, organizing the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia along with like leaders such as Nehru, Nasser, Tito and Sukarno Myanmar also attended the first NAM summit held in 1961as the movements founder member. The foreign policy of Myanmar also sought a breakable balancing role between USA and USSR, and between India and China. India served as a model for Myanmars neutralism, non-alignment and democracy, but it never allied itself too closely with India, which could have confused its relations with China (Lintner 1992). Thus, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to recognise the new government of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 (Seekins 198354). When it feared its neutral policy would cease if it had joined the British Commonwealth of Nations, it wisely declined to join the body of former British colonies. Myanmar wanted to sever all ties with the outside world provided if it did not serve its interest, and if it proved against the principle of neutralism and non-alignment.Myanmars neutralism and non-aligned policy was first tested in the Korean Crisis of 1950. Myanmar voiced U Nus call for a halt to North Koreas aggression against the South Korea. When the United Nations forces cut through the 38th parallel, Myanmar withdrew its control on the belief that UN had overstepped its original mandate. In several other international is treats such as Russian intervention in Hungary in 1956, Egypt crisis in 1956, Cuban crisis in 1961 etc. Myanmar did not followed big power line. Myanmar became a member of the Colombo Plan, but it refused to join SEATO founded in September 1954. Amidst hesitations, Myanmar real aid from both the US and USSR throughout the cold war period. The USSR offered specific gifts of a hospital, hotel and technological institutions, while US funds off and on after 1951 for agricultural and land reclamation projects. The government of U Nu tried to befriend with both India and China through his personal link with their respective leaders namely Nehru and Chou-en-Lai. In other words, throughout the parliamentary democracy period, Myanmar gained respect internationally by managing to live alongside large and powerful neighbours without compromising its independent foreign policy (Lintner 1992). It, thus, became one of the most respected leading governments in the region and its neutralism was much appreciated by western chanceries. The is proved by the fact that Myanmars U Thant was appointed, first, as the acting Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1961, and, later, twice elected to the position. U Thant led the world body for the next ten age.When the military rule took over power in March 19623neutralism of the era of parliamentary democracy became isolationism and non-involvement or negative neutralism (Maung Maung Gyi 1981). Ne Wins Revolutionary Council followed an ideology called the Burmese Way to Socialism, composite with a strong xenophobia and ultranationalisticic policy, and corollary to it, Myanmar withdrew from international community, shunning most of the diplomatic ties established during U Nus period. Ne Win heading the new military regime exhibited heavy-seated antagonism towards the west and its support for Kuomintang (KMT) troops in Myanmar, distrusted India, and feared Chinese communist influence in the country (Turku 2009124). Contact with the outside world was unplowed to an absolute minimum. The military denied joining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations when it was formed in 1967 and even stunningly left the NAM in 1979, considering these organizations not neutral.Soon after coming to power, the Revolutionary Council enacted several laws clearly aimed at reducing any foreign influences over Myanmars economy and society. The government announced that it preferred only government to government aid of bilateral and multi-lateral programmes (Holmes 1967189), and discontinued acceptance of aid from the American philanthropic organizations, the Ford and Asia Foundations, and also the Fulbright British Council programmes, as the military considered it belittling to accept aid from buck private organizations (Silverstein 1964167). Freedom of press was denied and the government also acted forcefully to curb propaganda and information activities of all foreign diplomatic missions (Holmes 1967189), thus denied people to deal directly with the outside world. Foreign diplomats and party officials (BSPP officials) were also subject to very strict set of rules (Turku 20091 92). If the party official sought to speak to a foreign national or issue/accept an invitation from a foreigner they had to seek specific permission from the party, and upon return they had to give specific details on the conversations they had with foreigners (ibid.) The nationalisation programmes launched in February 1963 by the military government directly affected the Indians, Chinese, Anglo-Myanmese and Western agricultural, trade and banking communities, most of them were force to flee the country. The effort was indigenization of the economy by placing the private foreign owned enterprises in the hands of the people of Myanmar. Cynics argued that Myanmars new foreign policy basically meant no foreign policy at all isolated from the concept of group survival its embassies and consulates abroad did very little to improve relations with the host countries (Lintner 1992). Officially, the dictum friendship with all the countries of the world still remained a cornerstone of Myanm ars foreign policy, but in practice, the country did not take any positive interest in furthering friendly relations with other nations, object few (Singh 1977181). As Lintner (1992) argues Myanmar under the military rule invented an intensely new dogma in foreign relations, that is, bilateralism, and preferably only with neighbours. General Ne Win made few official visits to Moscow, Peking and Washington, but few meaningful outcomes could be seen from the visits. For example, Ne Wins visit to USA in September 1966 related to approximately profession affairs, military support for its anti-communist military campaign and to play golf. There were no real diplomatic ties and this diplomatic vacuum was well commented by one-Rangon (Yangon) based foreign envoy in 1988 We had no meaningful contact with any element of the Burmese government. They had a designated group of foreign ministry types who could come to our dinners and talk to the highest degree golf and tennis, the weather an d what fruits were in seasonduring my first three months in Burma, my backhand improved immensely, and I even took up the game of golf, which I had thought was just a waste of time. But I had time to waste (quoted in Lintner 1992, also see Lintner 199060-61). Under the leadership of the Ne Win, Myanmars military government sank into deep isolation. At the same time, because it had denied the economic benefits of engaging with other countries, and also since the military leaders lacked knowledge of managing economic affairs, the country gradually encountered economic recession. In response, the BSPP government showed inclination to international development assistance and projected its vast mineral wealth opportunities to the outside world. The government entered into development programmes with the World Bank, the IMF, the ADB and UNDP, as well as accepted increased bilateral aids. In 1976, World Bank set up an aid consortium, including Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany, Fr ance, Australia and Canada for consultation and the establishment of a common policy regarding Myanmar (Charney 2009145).The BSPP regime also softened its state-controlled and autarchic economic policy, and by mid 1980s, foreign aids and loans began to enter Myanmar. Although Japan and West Germany were the largest of the foreign aid donors, the Peoples Republic of China also emerged as a major source of loans to the country from 1970 (ibid.). However, the inflow of foreign loans also led to corresponding increase in long-term debt, producing a critical state of indebtedness by the mid 1980s. This together with internal political isolation and economic mismanagement produced socio-economic devastations forcing Myanmar to become one of the to the lowest degree developed countries in 1987. This shocked the proud and highly nationalistic people of Myanmar. It spurred the 1988 protests attracting the greatest international interest into the countrys political and economic situations. T he brutal crackdown and prohibition of the protest by the military junta was swiftly publicised in the international community and eventually western governments imposed sanctions to Myanmar. Many western governments including Japan, non-governmental organizations and business bodies ended operations in Myanmar. Immediately after the crackdown, US withdrew its ambassador from Myanmar. Sanctions by United States were conventionally enacted in 1997, which was further tightened after 2007, following the crackdown on the monks protest, until it was uplifted recently in 2012.4Some businesses such as Ciz Claiborne, Osh Kosh BGosh and Pepsi (which was a joint venture with a native businessman) ended operations in Myanmar overdue to pressure from American-based activists. Contrary to western governments, most of Myanmars neighbouring countries adopted policy of constructive engagement and as mentioned, in doing so they followed much of the vacuum created by international isolation of Mya nmar. The country had normalised relationships with two neighbouring powers, China and India (see later), by skilfully exploiting the opportunistic intention of the two countries. Thailand was also captured by the economic prospects which engagement with Myanmar could provide. Following these events, Myanmar made changes to its external relation positions. It gave up its strict non-aligned neutralism5and isolationism and joined the regional GMS-EC (1992), BIMSTEC (1997), ASEAN (1997) and ACMCES (2003). Myanmar joining ASEAN in 1997 had greatly enhanced the credibility of the legitimacy hungry military government, because the ASEAN, citing their doctrine of non-interference in the internal affairs of the member countries rallied to the Myanmar governments defence. All these indicate government of Myanmar willing to integrate with the world community, but as evident, it could be when it could provide more benefit to the country. The military regime undoubtedly preferred no foreign att ention and involvement in its affairs. For example in 2005, the ruling military government SPDC shifted capital of the country from Yangon to a more reclusive region Naypyitaw where influence of outsiders would be so profound. Similarly, aftermath of cyclone Nargis 2008, Myanmar thought a long before allow in any humanitarian and relief aids to the affected people, and when it was allowed, the aid agencies and countries were often obstructed by the military. Moreover, preference was wedded to neighbours over the western countries.For the snuff it six decades, Myanmar has lived in varying degree of isolationism and opportunistic engagement. During the period of strict isolationism, Myanmar maintained diplomatic relationship with all the countries it discourages relationship between its people and those of other countries, to such an extent that it is like closing the country from the outside world and acts like a hermit of Asia. The military junta certainly not like foreign atten tion and involvement in its internal affairs. Myanmar is interested in foreign aids and loans, external trade and investments, but it did not preferred to lay waste to its policy of isolation. The pro-democracy uprising of 1988 divided international communitys perception on Myanmar. The western role with regards to Myanmar had long been policy of sanction and isolation, which proved counter-productive. The western countries such as USA, countries of European Union, France, Australia and Asian country-Japan and South Korea, imposed sanctions on Myanmar thus supplemented Myanmars policy of isolation. Myanmar juntas poor human right record and denial of democracy invited western ostracism. Certainly, the abrupt international isolation and sanction policy hampered Myanmars economy badly, and this prompted Myanmars attention and open policy towards its immediate neighbours. The immediate neighbours of Myanmar have acted as a balancing act for the military junta.Myanmar and ChinaChina i s the largest, the most powerful and practically the nearest of Myanmars neighbours. Historically, Myanmar experienced memory of fear, distrust and entrenched relationship in relation to its blue neighbour. In different periods of history, China posed a threat to the security and sovereignty of the monarchical Myanmar. Many strong Chinese dynasties had intervened in Myanmar kings affairs in different periods of history and caused considerable havoc. Kublai Khan sent armies from Yunnan in late 1980 to subjugate the kingdom of Pagan, effectively bringing to an end the first unified Burman kingdom (Seekins 1997527). The last king of the Pagan dynasty, king Narathitrapate, earned the nickname Tarok Pye Min, meaning the king who ran away from the Chinese (Trager 1966234). Chinese had well overd Myanmar during the Chinese Qing dynasty. It was an important event in the history of Myanmar that when Chinese Qing king launched several mission to subdue the arrogant Myanmar king between 1765 and 1768, Chinese professional armies was utterly outfought and its viceroy was forced to sue for peace (Tinker 1967338). Professor Yingcong Dai (2004) writes, not only did one after another commander-in-chief of the Qing dynasty fail to conquer Myanmar, but the Qing troops also suffered extremely heavy casualties. When Myanmar was incorporated into British Indian Empire, China adopted a cautious attitude in dealing with Myanmar.Myanmar became an independent country in 1948. Next category, the civil war in China had ended with victory of the communist over the nationalist Chinese. China became a communist country under the leadership of Mao Zedong, which was given official recognition by the Myanmar authority. In fact, Myanmar became the first non-communist country to give recognition to the Peoples Republic of China (mainland China).6However, in a world divided by ideological and power competitions, Myanmar adopted a policy of non-alignment and neutrality, whereas China became a staunch proponent of international communism considering all countries beyond the socialist camps as imperialist or controlled by imperialist or anti-revolutionary forces. As a result, Myanmese neutralism and non-alignment policy could not win the trust of the Chinese authority. China believed, whether in economic, military or political dimension Myanmars nature has not been changed it is still a typical country even after its independence (Hongwei 201215). Hongwei (200718) cites Chinese authorities comment on Myanmars neutralism and non-alignment as followsOn one side, Burma is bordering China, and hence do not dare to side with the imperialists the West and make China an enemy. At the same time, when Burma is having controversies with the imperialists, they want the support of China and the Soviet Union. () On the other hand, the ruling class in Burma () is to a relatively large degree depending on the imperialists.On occasion, the Chinese government expressed its dislike for the Myanmese leaderships alleged readiness to let the western powers (Great Britain and United States) influence over Myanmars economy and politics. For instance, on September 3, 1952, when Chou-en-Lai visited Moscow and talk with Stalin, he stated that the Myanmese government conceal its real position on China, but it actually move the policy of anti-China following the UK and US lead (Hongwei 201215). In other words, during the period 1948-1962, China was not at all excited by the idea of Myanmar being an independent country as the Chinese still considered Myanmar to be under foreign influence. Conversely, Myanmars threat perception to its national security from China did not vanished even after independence. The Chinese factor, in turn, influenced Myanmar in adopting a policy of non-alignment and neutrality in a world divided by power politics and cold war. As Thomson (1957336) writes, fear of antagonizing China has also been at least partially responsible for Burmas policy of neutr alism.The first factor standoff in the Myanmar-China relations in the initial years of the independence was the unauthorised occupation by the remnants of the Chinese Nationalist or Kuomintang (KMT) in Myanmars northern border. When Mao Zedong had established a communist regime in China in 1949, armed forces unwavering to Chaing-Kai-Sheik, the KMT leaders, by crossing over Yunnan province established base in the eastern part of the Shan state. It is alleged that the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supplied capital and arms to the illegal KMT forces, and encouraged them to raid into communist China from Myanmars border soil (Choudhary 2000424, Seekins 1997527). The Myanmese authority feared that China would use this as a pretext to invade Myanmar, and occupy the unsettled border areas under the guise of the elimination of the KMT troops (Hongwei 201214). Myanmar also feared that China would misunderstood that it was intentionally proving shelter to the KMT remnants and supporting Taiwan and the US anti-communist policy toward China (ibid.). Myanmars fear and distrust for China continued and as a result, Myanmar was very cautious in dealing with China. The two countries established formal diplomatic ties early in 1950s. While Myanmar attempted to deliberately avoid antagonizing China, China, in response, adopted a dual strategy. On the one side, China pursued a policy of establishing good diplomatic relationship with the government of the Union of Myanmar by establishing diplomatic ties and exchanging official visits, on the other side, it sympathized Communist rebel in Myanmar. It can be mentioned here that immediately after independence Myanmar faced severe threat to its national security from the communist rebels and ethnic insurgents. During this turbulent years of internal revolts, China extended covert sympathy in cause of the revolting communist rebels in Myanmar by endorsing party-to-party relations between the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) and the White Flag Communist Party (BCP) of Myanmar led by Than Tun. The Chinese authority rendered psychological support and strategic advices to the BCP which was not liked by the Myanmese authority. So, the BCP with the support of the Chinese posed a serious threat to Myanmars national security.7This factor greatly held back the growth of a close and warmth government-to-government relations between Myanmar and China. Nevertheless, the bilateral relationship achieved significant milestone in 1954 when the Chinese Premier Chou-en-Lai visited Rangon in 1954, and with his Myanmese counterpart U NU issued a joint statement declaring the five-spot Principles of Peaceful Co-existence which henceforth acted as the basis for the Myanmar-China relationship.8The government-to-government ties were further strengthened when U NU paid back a visit to China latter in the year 1954. Not to attract communist Chinas wrath over the KMT issue, the previous year, the Myanmese authority had sou ght attention and support of the United States and United Nations. In 1953, Myanmar asked the United States to stir up its aid programme to the KMT remnants, and took the question of illegal Chinese nationalist forces inside Myanmar to the United Nations (Choudhary 2000242).9However, despite the efforts of the world body, only a partial repatriation of the Chinese nationalist troops to Taiwan was affected, and the remaining KMT soldiers settled down in the Shan state and became involved with the Myanmese ethnic and political dissents and active in the illegal opium trade (ibid.) until the forces had been uprooted in late 1980s. The more significant development between Myanmar-China relations came when the two governments had managed to reach agreement on the historical issue of border settlement in 1960. The Sino-Myanmar border treaty was signed in 1960 defining the international boundary between the two countries. The same year the two countries also signed a treaty of friendship and mutual non-aggression which reinforced the treaty of 1954.10According to the treaty, the two parties would not invade each other and refrain from any military confederacy directed against the other party. In 1961, Chinas People Liberation Army (PLA) and army of Myanmar launched joint operations against the KMT forces operating between their borders.The period before the military led By Ne Win had establish political control in Myanmar in 1962, Sino-Myanmar relation was nervously friendly. Myanmar, during this period, was very cautious not to offend PRC and courted its friendship because, unlike India, China posed potential threat to interfere in Myanmese internal affairs due to presence of KMT forces inside Myanmars northern border and also it adopted policy of export of revolution. Myanmar adopted and pursued policy of non-alignment and neutrality, and showed friendly gestures, which were largely grounded on maintaining its national security and freedom of action. The country maintained policy of neutrality during the Sino-Tibet affairs of 1950 and refused to brand China an aggressor in Korean Crisis of 1951 in United Nations meetings. But, the Chinese dual-track policy toward Myanmar continued. In 1957, U Nu communicate in Myanmars parliament that new Chinas relationship with the insurrectional BCP are not clear, but expressed some fraternal case (cited in Hongwei 201212). To China, Myanmars non-alignment and neutralism was not genuine, but fickle and unpredictable. Thus, though there was mutual suspicion and mistrust, the period 1949-1962 was a period of ambivalent peaceful co-existence in the bilateral relatio